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glomeruli是什么意思，glomeruli翻译
Glomeruli are tiny, specialized structures found in the kidneys that play a crucial role in the filtration of blood. They are part of the renal corpuscle, which also includes the Bowman's capsule. The glomerulus is a network of tiny blood vessels, known as capillaries, that filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood to form urine. This process is essential for maintaining the body's fluid balance and removing waste products.
The glomerulus is surrounded by the Bowman's capsule, which collects the filtered fluid and passes it on to the renal tubules. The renal tubules then reabsorb essential substances, such as water and electrolytes, back into the bloodstream, while excreting waste products in the form of urine. The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule work together to ensure that the body's filtration system is efficient and effective.
One of the key features of the glomerulus is its unique structure, which allows for the filtration of blood without compromising the integrity of the blood vessel walls. The glomerulus is made up of a layer of endothelial cells, which are connected by small gaps known as fenestrae. These fenestrae allow for the passage of small molecules, such as water and electrolytes, while preventing the escape of larger molecules, such as blood cells and proteins. This selective filtration process is known as ultrafiltration.
The glomerulus also contains a layer of epithelial cells known as the podocytes, which wrap around the capillaries and help to maintain the structure and function of the glomerulus. The podocytes have extensions known as pedicles, which interlock with each other and form filtration slits. These slits prevent the passage of large molecules, such as proteins, into the filtrate, while allowing for the passage of smaller molecules.
In addition to their role in filtration, the glomeruli are also involved in the regulation of blood pressure and the production of hormones. The juxtaglomerular apparatus, which is located at the point where the afferent arteriole connects to the glomerulus, contains specialized cells known as juxtaglomerular cells. These cells produce the hormone renin, which plays a key role in the regulation of blood pressure and the balance of salt and water in the body.
Diseases of the glomeruli can lead to serious health problems, including kidney failure. Conditions such as glomerulonephritis, which is inflammation of the glomeruli, can damage the structures and impair their function. This can result in the leakage of proteins into the urine, a condition known as proteinuria, and the build